Volatile Liquidity Dependence Ratio Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4420 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Banks being very significant financial institutions, operating within the economy and controlling it, have increasingly played a significant role in conditioning the economic factors such as assets and liabilities, which are strategically managed and manipulated for profit and social welfare. Financial sector reforms, which have brought rapid changes in the structure of financial market exposed banks to various risks such as Interest Rate Risk, Liquidity Risk, Credit Risk etc. The most significant element which integrates the markets and the institutions in a financial system is interest rate structure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Volatile Liquidity Dependence Ratio Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Thus, interest rates should increasingly be allowed to perform their main function of allocating scarce loanable funds among alternative uses which necessitate the deregulation of interest rates. The various changes in the priorities and strategies that have been imposed on the banks due to the transition in the economy have required evaluation and analysis as beneficial to the banking sector. After deregulation of interest rate in India there was common debate among the bankers as to what will be the impact of this strategic move of Indian banking on the bank performance especially on advances, investments, spread, capital adequacy and earning of banks. Interest rate deregulation have been analysed from this strategic and practical angles in this study to assess how these various measures have affected the banking performance in the post reform period and to analyse the extent interest rate deregulation implemented by the RBI enable the banks to manage various performance parameters . Hence this analytical study of the banking sector in India has been conducted with the following objectives. Main objective To analyze and evaluate the impact of deregulation interest rates on bank performance. Sub Objectives The other objectives of the study are: To review the relevant research and literature on the subject. To identify the impact of deregulation of interest rate in the Spread and Burden of the banks. To evaluate the Interest Rate Risk Management of the banks. To ascertain impact of deregulation of interest rates on asset quality and measures taken by banks to manage credit risk. To analyze and evaluate the impact of deregulation on bank performance by studying FIVE dimensions of CAMEL. The present study was undertaken to know the behavoiur of six selected banks i.e. State Bank of India (SBI), Bank of Baroda (BOB), Punjab National Bank (PNB), ING Vysya bank, The Federal Bank and JK Bank, covering a period of 10 years ranging between 1998 to2008. It was particularly aimed at gaining insight into the impact of deregulation of interest rates on various aspects of banking operations. In this context, CAMEL parameters were analyzed to study influence of deregulation of int erest rates on the behaviour of capital adequacy, asset quality, management soundness, earnings and profitability, liquidity and sensitivity of share prices to market risk, so that bank management could be helped in formulating an effective spread, capital, earning and risk management policy. The findings of the present study are summarized as follows:- Capital Adequacy The total minimum capital requirements for credit, market and operational risks in banks is calculated using definition of regulatory capital as defined in Basel Accord II and risk weighted assets. While Tier II Capital is limited to 100% of Tier I Capital, the total Capital to Risk Weighted Assets must not be lower than 8%. The Risk Weighted Assets are determined by multiplying the capital requirements for market risk and operational risk by 12.5 and adding the resulting figure to the sum of risk weighted assets for Credit Risk. The analysis of Risk Weighted Capital Adequacy Ratio ensures that bank has adequate capital/cushion vis-Ã  -vis to perceived risks for on and off balance sheet exposures. The findings of Capital Adequacy are presented here under:- The Capital Adequacy ratio of all banks under study is more than the requisite standard of 8%. However, the percentage of equity share capital has deflated over the period of study but reserves position has witnessed sharp gr owth for all banks in the post reform period. This indicates that banks are following stringent dividend policy for maintained of risk weighted capital adequacy ratio (CRAR). The mean CRAR has been recorded at 13.10 percent, 12.53 percent, 11.18 percent, 14.25 percent, 10.90 percent and 17.42 percent for SBI, BOB, PNB, ING, Federal Bank and JK Bank respectively. The ratio clearly shows that banks are better placed in terms cushion for taking credit risk as the minimum prescribed ratio for banks in India is 8%. The leverage ratio of the banks have shown declining trend for all banks. This reveals that banks have shown reluctance on dependence on debt capital and have become selective in mobility the deposits became otherwise it is difficult for them to manage credit in post deregulatory period. The ratio of advances to assets is higher in case of private sector banks compared to public sector banks. This is also confirmed by the F-test, which indicated significant difference in this ratio. The ratio, however, reveals that banks have taken more credit risk which does not with commensurate increase in CRAR. The percentage of investment, in government securities is higher for private sector bank as compared within public sector banks. This manifests that private banks are mere concerned with insulation of positive spread and are more concerned within management of capital risks. Asset Quality A bank grants credit to produce profit and is one of the largest on balance sheet items. In the process of granting loans also assume and accept risks. In evaluating risks, banks should assess the likely downside scenarios and their possible impact on the borrowers and their debt serving capacity. Two types of losses are possible in respect of any borrower or borrower class-expected and unexpected losses. Expected losses affect the asset quality because budgeted for and prevision held to offset their adverse effects. However, unexpected losses have more severe impact on banks but are unpredictable and can be cushioned by holding adequate capital. The quality of assets is, therefore, ascertained in terms of loan losses and expected losses. This parameter is important to gauge the strength of the bank in per and post deregulated period. Since the loan portfolio is always interest sensitive and is always affected by interest rate changes, thus study of asset quality was sine-quonon for present study. The Gross NPAs ratio for private sector banks was very high in pre deregulation period compared to post deregulation period starting from 2000-01, when particle deregulation started. Similar picture is not different for public sector banks. The ratio of Gross NPAs has touched to lowest level for all public and private sector banks in 2007-08. This phenomenon reveals that deregulation of rates has been effectively utilized by the bank and has positively influenced the borrowers repayment capacity because of lower and market driven interest rate on loans. The ratio of Net NPSs to Net Advances is depicting the picture of banks that have well been able to predict the expected losses of the credit portfolio and have created required provisions for the same. The ratio has witnessed the same behaviour as was recorded for the Gross NPA ratio in case of both public and private sector banks. This verily indicates that banks have been either able to maintain and impro ve the quality of credit portfolio in post deregulation period of interest rated. The ratio of Net NPAs and Gross NPAs to Total Assets have shown declining trend for both private and public sector banks in post deregulation period compared to pre-deregulation. This further reveals that banks have been able to maintain credit as healthy asset in the total asset portfolio of assets during the deregulation period. It was expected that any action of credit enforcement (recalling the advances made or instituting foreclosure proceeding including legal proceeding) which were taken in hand in post deregulation period and decrease in interest rate on bank credit may severely erode the already thin profit margin on the credit transaction and will put pressure on asset quality. However, after deregulation of interest rates the asset quality of bank have improved to greater extent and have influenced the bank profitability positively, which is revealed by profitability analysis of bank. Management Soundness The management of the companies works for the owners who are the shareholders, why doesnt the management get fired if it doesnt in the shareholders best interest? In theory, the shareholders pick the corporate board of directors and the board in turn picks the management. Unfortunately, in reality the system frequently works the other way around. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse soundness of management and their efficiency while utilization of bank funds. In this context, in present study, efficiency in terms of bank productivity has been analysed. For this purpose three important productivity ratios i.e, Net Income to Number of Employees, Profit per Employee and Business per Employee have been utilized. These ratios are intentionally used because they show how efficiently management has utilized employee for generating healthy income, profit and business in post deregulation period of interest rates, when interest margins have squeezed due to market driven interest rates. The findings of productivity analysis are:- Placing greater confidence in management, it can be said that SBI, BOB, PNB, ING Vysya, Federal Bank and JK bank Net Total Income per Employee has best growth during the post deregulation period of interest rates. The SBI (0.21 %) amongst public sector banks and JK Bank (0.27 %) amongst private sector banks have witnessed phenomenal growth in net income per employee productivity during 2007-08 compared to 0.07 % and 0.07 % for both banks in 1998-99. However, compared to Public Sector Banks under study Private Sector Banks have witnessed better performance in this front. The Profit per Employee has witnessed either stability or minor growth in terms of percentage for all public and private sector banks, which are under study. This means though profit in absolute terms have increased but it has witnessed simultaneous increase in number of employees. Therefore, management efficiency in controlling the wage bill has been dismal in case of b oth public and private sector banks and this situation is also due to thin margin available to banks in case of fund based business after deregulation of interest rates. The business per employee ratio has been very healthy for private sector banks and was recorded between 2% to 4.25% for ING Vysya, 1.90% to 3.82% for Federal Bank and 0.12% to 5.16% for JK Bank in post deregulation period. Similarly, for Public Sector Banks it was witnessed between 1.60% to 3% in case of SBI, 1.66% to 4.00% in case of BOB and 1.42% to 3.31% for PNB during the same period. From this analysis it can be deduced that management of bank have by and large performed nicely while developing business portfolio of the bank. However, it is worth nothing that in spite of growth in business the insulation of better profits was not due to this declining margin during deregulation period. This, therefore, reveals that banks profitability have been affected because of deregulation of interest rates but damage wa s controlled by management to large extent. Earning Analysis In the earning perspective, the focus of analysis is the impact of changes in interest rates on accrual or reported earnings. This is the most used approach to interest rate risk assessment taken by many banks. Variation in earnings is an important focal point for interest rate analysis because reduced earnings or outright losses can threaten the spread insulation and financial stability of an institution by undermining its capital adequacy and by reducing its market confidence. In this context, spread analysis (i.e. difference between interest earnings interest earnings and interest expended has received more attention in banking crises because it directly and easily develop link to change interest rates). In addition, to burden and profitability analysis also focuses on impact of deregulation of interest rate on bank efficiency. The findings of these analyses are outlined here under:- Spread Analysis The ratio of Interest Income to Total Assets of the banks under study has witnessed marginal decline in the post deregulation period. Its mean ratio was recorded at 84.46 percent, 85.13 percent, 83.87 percent, 82.28 percent, 86.10 percent, and 80.40 percent for SBI, BOB, PNB, ING, FB and JK Bank respectively. This reveals that deregulation of interest rate has really tightened screws for higher spread insulation for banks. The ratio of Interest Expenses to Total Income has shown declining trend in post deregulation period starting from 2000-01 for almost all bank under study. The ratio is lower than the international benchmark of 60% (Report; 2005)Â  [1]Â  . This is positive sign of deregulation of interest rates because banks are now free to fix their own interest rates on deposits depending on the market acceptability. The ratio of Interest Expenses to Total Assets has witnessed similar behavoiur as has been marked incase of Interest Expenses to Total Income ratio. Net In terest Margin (i.e. spread) for private Indian banks are normally higher than public sector banks. However, one important revelation of this study speaks that deregulation of interest rate have squeezed the NIM for Indian banks though banks have tried their best to manage spread. The results of spread analysis are corroborating with finding of (Mohan, 2005)Â  [2]Â  . The situation of JK Bank in last year of study shows more impact on spread insulation because it declined compared to FB and ING Vysya. Burden Analysis Due to thin margin available of credit portfolio in post deregulation period, banks in India started located new partners so as to earn income other than the fund based income. The concentration was towards fee based income. If bank is able to cover non interest income from non interest expenditure banks ensure high profitability is least risk taking. The present analysis was done to ascertain the impact of deregulation of interest rate on bank profitability vis-Ã  -vis to burden. The findings of the study are:- The ratio of Non-Interest Income to Total Income has witnessed increasing trend income of both private and public sector banks up to few early years of deregulation period. However, since 2001-02 banks perhaps realized that only way to maintain and increase profitability is put control/check on non interest expenses. The ratio has shown sharp decline for all the banks under study during the period from 2003-04 to 2007-08. This mean bank have become cost conscious in the post deregulatory period. The ratio of Non-Interest Income to Non-interest expenses and ratio of Non-Interest Income to Average Working Funds witnessed surge in the post deregulation period compared to pre deregulation period. Thus banks have concentrated surely on fee based income instead of fund based income during deregulation period. They are of the opinion that during deregulation of interest rates, when interest rate are market driven, only way to maintain and increase profitability is to put check over Burden ratio, which otherwise during regulatory period had taken back seat. This surely is positive out come of deregulation. Profitability Analysis The effect of financial innovation and interest rate deregulation has been to expand banks balance sheets in both quality and size assets. The proportion of Net Profit to Total Income of the selected banks in the Post-Reform Period reveals that the banks have earned a higher rate of return. Profits as a percentage to assets declined in most cases, when balance sheet expanded and as competition put pressure on profitability. Private Sector Banks have responded to the new challenges of competition, as reflected in the increase in the share of these banks in the overall profit of the banking sector. Although bank profitability depends on a number of factors such as asset quality, interests rates and growth, the deregulation of interest-rate ceilings appears to have had only minor effects on profits. The banks profitability whether measured by Return on Assets (ROA) or Return on Equity (ROE). ROA has declined over two years. However, the fall-off appears more directly related to the asset quality problems experienced by a number of large banks than to the accelerated trend towards interest rate deregulation. The public sector banks still mainstay, accounting for nearly three-fourth of assets and income. It is also important to note that public sector banks have responded to the new challenges of competition, as reflected in the increase in the share of these banks in the overall profit of the banking sector. From the position of net loss in the mid-1990s in recent years the share of public sector banks in the profit of the commercial banking system has become broadly commensurate with their share in assets, indicating a board convergence of profitability across various bank groups. This suggests that, with operational flexibility, public sector banks are competing relatively with private sector and foreign banks. Public sector banks managements are now probably more attuned to the market consequences of their activities (Mohan, 2005)Â  [3]Â  . 4. The e ffect of control on burden ratio and spread managed by banks witnessed in the earlier analysis has been evidently reflected in the increased profitability ratio of both public and private sector banks during the post deregulation period of interest rates. Liquidity Banks need liquidity to meet deposit with drawls and to fund loan demand. The variability of loan demand and variability of deposit determine banks liquidity needs. Liquidity is essential in all banks to compensate the expected and unexpected Balance Sheet fluctuations and to provide funds for growth. The price of liquidity is a function of market conditions and market perceptions of the risk, both interest rate and credit risk reflected in the banks balance sheet and off balance sheet activities. If liquidity needs are not taken care off, banks may be forced to restructure or acquire additional liabilities under market conditions. It is believed that under deregulation interest rate this problem is evident to arise for banks, therefore present analysis was made to study liquidity in pre and post deregulation period. The findings of this analysis are:- The ratio liquid assets to total assets show the proportion of liquid assets to total assets. It indicates the overall liquidity position of the bank. The ratio indicates a negative trend in case of all the selected banks. On an average, the ratio for banks is recorded at 19.07 percent, 17.19 percent, 13.77 percent, 15.12 percent, 11.72 percent, and 15.94 percent for SBI, BOB, PNB, ING, FB and JK Bank respectively. The ratio depicts that the liquidity position of Public Sector Banks is sound as compared to Private Sector Banks. Further the liquidity in pre-deregulation is better than liquidity in post-deregulation period. This indicates that pressure put on liquidity position of banks. Private Sector Banks has out performed Public Sector Banks as the ratio of Liquid Assets to Total Deposits is higher for private sector banks compared to public sector banks. However, negative trend is also visualized in case of this ratio. The results reveal significant difference the liquidity positions of the banks only in terms of one liquidity ratio (i.e. Inter bank deposits/Total deposits). The overall conclusions of this analysis shows that banks have managed the liquidity properly during post deregulation period and have maintained ALM in terms liquidity gaps and duration. Volatile Liquidity Dependence Ratio Excess of Liquid Funds or Deficiency of Liquid Funds is not favourable for the banks as excess and Deficit Liquidity Crisis will adversely affect the profitability of banks. In order to avoid the liquidity crises, the RBI has prescribed prudential norms that the negative mismatch in 1 14 and 15 28 days time bucket should not exceed 20 percent of the total outflow. As a part of ALM strategy, Liquidity is traced through maturity or cash flow mismatches in the banks. Selected banks are not facing any liquidity crunch by the end of the period of the study and the banks were able to reduce there bad credit during the Reform-Phase. As the SLR and CRR requirements prescribed by the RBI gradually got reduced during the Post-Reform Phase, the banks were able to lend a high portion of their deposits for lending purpose, but CD Ratio is below 60 percent shows the reluctance of the banks to deploy funds for advances liberally. Asset Liability Management The business of banking involves the identifying, measuring, accepting and managing the risk, the heart of banks financial management is risk management and one of the most important risk management functions in banking is Asset Liability Management (ALM). Traditionally, administered interest rates were used to price the assets and liabilities of banks. However in the deregulated environment, competition has narrowed the spreads of banks and has affected share price of banks in stock exchange with profit becoming a key factor, it has now become imperative for a bank to move away from partial asset management, credit and non-performing asset and liability management towards an integrated balance sheet management where all components of balance sheet i.e. Working funds, Total assets, Liabilities and its difference. Other Findings Banks are reluctant to expand lending activities have deployed more funds in investment in deregulation Period. Even though the interest expense has increased and interest income decreased, by reducing the non-interest expenses and by increasing the non-interest income banks could reduce the proportion of total expenses to total income during the post deregulated period. The profitability performance of all the banks irrespective of sector has increased in the Post-Reform Period. The shift in policy from social-oriented banking to profit-oriented banking in the post deregulation period has been objective of the banks. Banks have been able to reduce the Burden but have not succeeded in increasing the Spread as a result of deregulated interest rate in the Post-Reform Period. Thus with a reduction in Burden, the decline in the spread is compensated and banks could improve the profitability in the Post-Reform Period. In the Post-Reform Period banks are not facing any shorta ge of liquidity. But banks are facing the Embedded Option Risk which will affect the liquidity of the banks. Flushed with funds as a result of reduction in SLR and CRR, banks are forced to deploy the huge funds without proper risk assessment which have resulted increase in NPA marginally. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CRAR) acts as a good barometer to check Credit Risk as it prevents deploying funds in risky advances. The banks have developed a tendency to invest huge amount in safe investments like Government and Approved Securities and this reduce credit and interest rate risk. Suggestions Banks must have an adequate internal control over their interest rate risk management process in deregulatory regime. The main element in this context would be regular independent reviews and evaluations of the effectiveness of the system and where necessary ensuring that appropriate revisions or enhancements to internal control are made. The outcome of such an exercise should be made available to the relevant supervisory authorities. Proper watch should be exercised by supervisory authorities on interest rate risk. In this connection, an appropriate account of the range of maturities and currencies in each banks portfolio including off-balance sheet items, as well as relevant factors such as distinction between trading and non-trading activities. Capital of the banks should be in commensurate with the level of interest rate risk, credit risk and operational risks. In this context, banks should have separate and professionally trained department who will ascertain capital nee ds on regular basis which can act as real cushion for adverse movements of interest rate fluctuations. Banks should identify and manage interest rate sensitivity and credit risk in all their products and activities. They should ensure that the risks of all new services and activities are subject to adequate risk management procedures and control before their introduction. Banks should ensure the credit portfolio is properly managed and the credit exposures are within levels consistent with prudential standards. This needs proper strategy so that asset quality of maintained with minimal possible limit. Supervisory authorities should develop effective system in place to identify, measure maintain and control credit risk as a part of an overall approach to asset quality management. Potential future changes in economic conditions should be considered while assessing credit, credit portfolios and credit quality by using stress testing. The board of directors and top manage ment should establish proper and scientific management over right and governance over the interest rate movements associated with various interest sensitive assets and liabilities including the establishment of specific accountability, policies and continues to manage positive interest spread insulation. Frequent changes in management at top level, change in key policies and the lack of succession planning need to be viewed with suspicion. Management of credit quality and net interest margin is key to integral the health of any banking institution. A consistent year to year growth in profitability overview should be done to provide an acceptable return to shareholders and retain resources to find future growth. Return on average assets, which measures a banks growth and decline in earnings in comparison with its balance sheet expansion and contraction should be the permanent excessive of banks. Net interest margin, difference between interest earned and interest paid and burden ratios should used to maintain positive spread insulation and burden of other expenses on interest spread. The degree of reliance upon interest income compared with fees earned, heavy dependence on certain sectors and the sustainability of income stream are relevant factor which every bank should consider. The banks management should approve the strategy and significant policies to execute the strategy and significant policies to execute liquidity management effectively. Regular review of limit on the size of liquidity position over particular time horizon should be made. For liquidity management banks should seriously review and analyse funding risk, time risk, call risk, mismatch risk, currency risk and embedded risk. In this context, banks may develop a back up liquidity strategy for all currencies. Sensitivity of the variation of earnings, asset quality and capital adequacy due to interest margin a change of the market-to-market value of assets and liabilitie s should be analysed. Further, underlying random parameter that generates thin variation shall be properly evaluated and analysed. For this purpose technique like VaR, CAR, Variance analysis and potential loan analysis may be used. Scope for Further Research Interest rate deregulation in banking is an on going process that is linked with an evolving strategy at one end and the issues of practical banking on the other. Hence, it requires a continuous assessment and evaluation with regard to the banking performance. This significant aspect of interest rates makes the continuous evaluation and research in this area very vital and necessary for functioning of the banking sector in addressing the challenges of today as well as tomorrow. Further, impact of deregulation of interest rates requires analysis parameter wise and keeping other parameters constant. Therefore, it requires in-depth analysis of deregulation of interest rate vis-Ã  -vis to each parameter.

Greece Greek Financial Crisis - 1838 Words

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Is the Merchant of Venice Suitable for a Modern Audience Essay Example For Students

Is the Merchant of Venice Suitable for a Modern Audience Essay William Shakespeare is one of the most famous writers of our time. He has written plays that are known all around the world and are studied as part of our education. What he wrote in the 16th Century is still as relevant today as it was then, which is why many people throughout the world admire and perform his work. The plays he has written have varied from romances (Romeo Juliet), to tragedies (MacBeth), and comedies (As you like it). The Merchant of Venice is a about a merchant, Antonio, who is asked for a loan by his dearest friend, Bassiano. Bassiano needs the money for a voyage to Belmont, where he hopes to win over the wealthy Portia. Antonio has to borrow money from Shylock. They agree on a bond that there will be no interest, but if it is not paid within three months Shylock is entitled to a pound of Antonios flesh. The way that the whole plot evolved around money is very clever. It began with Bassiano wanting to borrow money from Antonio because he wanted to use the money to win the hand of Portia. Antonios friendship for Bassiano leads him into debt with a moneylender. When Jessica eloped with Lorenzo she took Shylocks money and jewels. Shylock is angrier at her stealing his jewels than her running away. I would my daughter dead at my foot and the jewels in her ear! Would she were hearsed at my foot, and the jewels in her coffin! Antonio is a Christian, he puts friendship above all and doesnt think twice about the conditions of the loan. Bassiano assures him that he will pay him back; In my schooldays I lost my shaft, I shot his fellow of the selfsame flight. The selfsame way with more advised watch to find the other forth. What he is saying here is if he loses one arrow, it is wise to fire another and see the flight path that it took; by this hell be able to retrieve both arrows. By saying this he is referring to his money. Even though Antonio was not paid in time to settle the loan that meant that shylock could have his pound of flesh, Antonio did not condemn Bassiano. Portia has to choose a man by presenting them with 3 caskets, gold, silver, and lead. Her father left the three caskets. The gold casket declares, Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire. The silver casket, which declares who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves. The lead casket declares, He who chooseth me must hazard all he hath The lead casket had the picture of Portia in it, indicating that the person that chooses it is the right one for her. Shylock is a Jew, he is a moneylender. He has no respect for Christians because of the anti-Semitic attitudes that were wide spread at that time. Shakespeare uses religious prejudice as background to decides who is the `goodie` and the `baddy` in the play. When Shylock comes onto the stage he is usually greeted by `boos`, this adds to the atmosphere at the theatre and keeps the audience more involved in the play. In the script Shakespeare made Shylocks character appear selfish. When Antonio couldnt pay the debt, any other merchant probably would have extended the deadline but not Shylock. He resented Antonio because he lent money to his friends with no interest. This also reduced Shylocks income and for this reason he wanted revenge against Antonio There are strong themes of racism in the play. .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 , .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 .postImageUrl , .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 , .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457:hover , .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457:visited , .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457:active { border:0!important; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457:active , .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457 .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc82c691ac454e0226b1144c3fa65457:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Dramatic Significance Essay PaperBecause of this some think that it is inappropriate to be taught in schools. In the play Shylock stands out more than any other character, he is the villain of the piece. Racism against Jews was very strong in those days, which influenced the way the play was written. Unfortunately racism is as alive today as it was in the Elizabethan times, although nowadays it is not acceptable and there are laws to protect people who are of ethnic origins. Although Christians despised Jews Shylock also hated the Christians as shown in his first speech against Antonio I hate him for he is a Christian This shows the lack of tolerance that wouldnt be accepted nowadays. Shylocks daughter Jessica elopes with Lorenzo who is a Christian. Shylock is furious and very sad at this because marrying out of the faith was a dreadful thing to do. Although Jessica was unhappy at home their relationship in the play is emphasised by them singing a Jewish song together before she elopes. Despite the strong ties of religion and duty to a father Jessica elopes with Lorenzo and converts to Christianity. This is a big step for her, and must have taken some thought from her to do this. Nowadays certain strict religions e. . Muslim, orthodox Jews still forbid marrying out of their faith. Jessica would probably suffer the same fate today as she did then which was never to see her family again. The end of the play was interesting, because after seeing theatre and videotapes of performance I prefer the theatre production in which Jessica was left humming in the spot light the Jewish song she sang with her father, this meant that she did still have some feelings for him. The Merchant of Venice was set as a comedy but when reading it I didnt find it funny, I think this is because I didnt understand the humour. When we read through the play at school I found it long and tedious, but watching the play at the theatre helped me to understand the subtleties of the humour. When I watched the play I found the actors/actresses enthusiasm brought the script to life and I understood and laughed more at the humour, which made it more interesting and enjoyable. When reading the play, I didnt think it was one of Shakespeares finest plays but when I went to the theatre it was a full house. I think that by adding comedy to the play makes it livelier. The merchant of Venice shows a modern audience that the themes in the play are as relative today as it was then. How love can or cannot be mistaken, how greed motivates peoples actions, how true friendship is worth more than money and how racism affects society. Although it was set about 400 years ago, it shows how little the differences in society and religion have changed. I think that the Merchant of Venice portrays the problems generated by greed, racism and revenge. I also think that because of the amount of racism in it, it could influence the younger audience.

Trying Juviniles As Adults Essays - Criminology, Legal Procedure

Trying Juviniles As Adults Trying Juveniles as Adults and Placing them into Adult Institutions Juveniles being tried as adults, who is to blame? In today's society it is not who or whom it is what. Juvenile offenders are now facing a double-edged sword. Not only can they be tried in a Juvenile court for a crime committed. They are now being charged as adults. Charging a juvenile as an adult has stirred up many different views. When should we say enough is enough? Violent crimes committed by juveniles have become a growing epidemic. The children of today are subjected to violence in popular songs, television shows, and even computer games. Parents having guns accessible to children and the society the child lives in all play a part in the destruction of our youth. Juvenile offenders are now facing tougher punishment for their actions. Juvenile crime is stated as ?an act committed by a minor that would be considered a crime committed by an adult, such as vandalism, burglary, assault, or murder? (Silverstein 11). Juveniles are committing these crimes against families, classmates, and strangers. In many states, a juvenile is any one under the age of eighteen. Young offenders commit these crimes because they feel neglected, that no one cares, and this is a way to get attention. However, professional's say that juvenile offenders commit these crimes due to being abused or even ignored as a child (Valentine). Telling a parent to not ignore, punish, or leave your child home alone or your child could grow to become a criminal, seems severe. Why don't we just tell them how to raise their children? We as a society can not place the blame on a parent the juveniles are the ones at fault. Juvenile crime is dated as far back as the 1600's. Where ?in the Massachusetts colony, a teenager over sixteen years of age who had cursed at or hit his parents could receive the death penalty? (Landau 88). In this time-period, this seemed to be a severe punishment. However, surely it made teenagers think about their actions before acting on them. In the 1880's, immigrants were the source of juvenile crime. Young immigrants were faced with many cultural differences that led them to crimes. Young Immigrant families were starving therefore stealing was their major crime (Landau 89). The juvenile justice system was condemned by society in the 1960's (Landau 89). This would show the first signs of serious juvenile offenders receiving lesser sentences than juveniles who committed minor crimes would. ?There is no national juvenile justice system in the United States? (Landau 90). Each states law on juvenile violence varies. Juvenile crime went on the rise in the 1980-1990's. Murder has been the leading felony among juveniles. However, in 1994, 60% of juvenile offenders who committed murder were African American black men (Silverstein 12). Our legal system has two different court systems. One, Juvenile court is where we hear a lot of our cases on custody battles, child support payments, and even misdemeanors committed by juveniles. Secondly, Adult courts other wise known as Criminal court. This is where adults find out their fate for a crime committed against another. Juvenile Offenders could be tried in both systems. In some cases the prosecutor can file them directly into criminal court. This process is called ?concurrent jurisdiction?. States have another form called ?statutory exclusion? meaning that if the crime committed is serious enough the juvenile will automatically is tried as an adult (Hunzeker). The Juvenile system seemed to be the answer. However, it had flaws. Juvenile offenders are protected from society. The accused does not receive a criminal record for crimes committed. This results in a problem for judges and repeat offenders. If there is no record of their crimes, how will they do the time (Landau 90)? Small portions of cases do not even make it to court (Landau 90). Juvenile offenders are set free for crimes that adults get life in prison. If we set an example like that juvenile violence will continue to rise. Victims are the ones who are suffering. With the inconsistencies of the Juvenile system, a young offender could walk which would be more traumatic for the victim than the crime

I will be outlining the main meaning of the term parable Essay Example

I will be outlining the main meaning of the term parable Essay Example I will be outlining the main meaning of the term parable Essay I will be outlining the main meaning of the term parable Essay Essay Topic: Parable Of the Sower In this coursework, I will be outlining the main meaning of the term parable, and finding out what it means to many people in the world today. I will be concentrating on three main sections: What the term Parables mean and where it originated from, how Jesus presented his teaching in Lukes Gospel, and talking about the meaning of parables to Christians today.Parables are one of the most important means that Jesus used when communicating with the people of Israel, to spread the word of God. People liked to listen to stories rather than long sermons or talks, and Jesus parables helped them to develop their own conclusions. This meant that even people who couldnt read and write were able to remember the one message or meaning in the parable.Parables were short, sharp and straight to the point, making the listener sit up and think for themselves, helping them to develop their own personal understanding about Jesus message.What is meant by the term Parable?A Parable is a simple story with a clear teaching. The word Parable originates from the Greek work parobole meaning a comparison, and mainly has one meaning. For example, The Parable of the Mustard Seed teaches us that the Kingdom of God would grow from small beginnings into something big and significant and protection for people.Jesus, who preached his stories to many Jewish people, who werent rich, related the parables to their way of life, for example The Lost Sheep in Lukes Gospel, and The Rich Fool. The meaning of the parable is left to the listeners to work out for themselves.The difference between a parable and an allegory is that a parable clearly states the meaning or message n the parable, where as an allegory is a story where the message is hidden in a type of code. An allegory may depart into a type of make believe world, meaning the story has to be decoded to understand the meaning. For example, in the last book of the New Testament, allegorical material can be found throughout the New Testament.Many of the Parables that Jesus preached, can be found in Lukes Gospel, for example: The Parable of the Sower Luke 8:1-15, The Parable of the Good Samaritan Luke 10:25-37.Jesus used Parables in his teaching for a number of different reasons:Many people in Jesus time liked listening to stories, rather than sermons, and by preaching out in public, they captures the audiences attention.Parables were easily understood as they held clear and precise meaning to them and they were easy to listen to.The Parables encouraged people to thin for themselves, making them develop an understanding to the parable, that could be achieved by people who could not read or write.The parables have held the same meaning for the past 200 years, encouraging many Christians today, giving them genuine faith and commitment to God.Describe from Lukes Gospel, how Jesus presented his teachings through Parables.The main theme of the parables is the central theme of the Gospel, the kingdom of God. The kingdom of God is not an area of land. It refers to Gods new society, to people who live according to Gods new rules.The kingdom of God is a present reality in the sense that God guided his people all the time, but it is also a future reality when God will rule the earth.Many Jews believe that God sent down an anointed one, the Messiah, to lead the people into developing the world God wanted. Jesus said that such a moment arrived. Evidence of this can be seen in Luke 4:17-19. The parables teach us things about God and his Kingdom such as where and when it is, how one can enter it and how important it is.The Good Samaritan Luke 10:25-37Jesus was confronted by an opponent one day, asking him who is my neighbour? Jesus told him about a man one day, who was robbed when walking between Jericho and Jerusalem. A Levite and priest passed him by, saw that he had been robbed and just crossed the road, then a Samaritan who was despised by the Jews helped the man and gave him food and shelter.This story showed p eople in Jesus time that everyone is our neighbour, even our worst enemy. This must have shocked many of Jesus audience, mainly because Priests and Levites were meant to love everyone because they were religious people.There is no place for discrimination in Gods Kingdom Jesus set an example for everybody by showing love to everyone: the Jews, the rich, the poor, the Levites and the sinners. Throughout the Parable, Jesus wanted to show us the different types of love shown towards the man that was robbed. The Parable may have surprised many people than, because there was a lot of tension between Samaritans and Jews then.The Parable of the Sower Luke 8:1-15The Parable of the Sower is one of the most well known: the seeds fall on four different type of ground: the footpath, rocky ground, among thistles and on good soil. At first sight, this may be seen as careless farming with so much seed to be wasted. The parable only makes sense when seen against the methos of farming followed Pales tine at the time. Certainly some seed was wasted but this is exactly what used to happen. The sowing was done before the ploughing.The message of the Parable is simple on the one hand it shows the frustrations of the Sowers labouring with its weed, greedy birds and rocky ground; on the other hand, in contrast to this, a picture of a rich harvest. The meaning of the story is that the kingdom of God will be successful in spite of all the frustrations and difficulties.What this Parable is trying to say is that the seed is Jesus message and that everything will grow from there, peoples faith, peoples freedom, and gods kingdom will finally be fulfilled.But Jesus changes this Parable into an allegory, when he talks about the seed being the word of God and the various types of soil being peoples different responses.The Lost Son Luke 15:11-32The Lost son is a Parable about a father who equally divides his Land between his two sons. One of his sons decides to sell the farm and spend it on l uxury goods away from, where as the other son works hard and make sure his crops grow well. The other son spends all his money and cant find a decent job so he ends up working with pigs the lowest job or rank you can be in Israel working with pigs.He goes back home and his father rejoices and prepares a great banquet to celebrate the return of his son. The other son is enraged and questions his father about it. The father replies My son was lost, and now he is found.The father treated the son like an honoured guest the robe was a sign of honour: the ring was a rich gift and a sign of position and authority and the fatted calf was kept especially for the arrival of a special occasion. The younger son has finally reached a point of repentance.The younger son teaches people in Jesus time how many people strayed away from God, and the further away they get, the more lost they become. And the elder son behaved just like the Pharisees and the Levite acting without any mercy or regard that his brother had returned safe and well.The Parable of the Friend at Midnight Luke 11:1-1Travelers in Palestine often journey late to avoid the scorching midday heat. When a man arrives the days baking has all been eaten. But in the east the law of hospitality is sacred, and so, late as it is, the host goes to the neighbour to borrow bread. Jesus audience must have smiled at the humour of the situation. The father in heaven can be trusted to give only what is good when his children pray to him.Jesus is pointing out the contrast between the unwillingness of the man who was knocked upon and the willingness of God who loves his Children.Ask and you will receive; seek and you will find;knock and the door will be opened. For everyonewho asks, receives; those who seek, find: and toanyone who knocks, the door will be opened. (Luke 9:9-10)Discuss the meaning and relevance of parables to the belief and life of Christians today.The teaching of Jesus parables today inspires many Christians . Values such as love and forgiveness are expressed in those stores in spite of the fact that they are set in the everyday life two thousand years ago.The Good SamaritanThe Two Great Commandments that are mentioned in this parable are to love God and to love your neighbour. From this parable, the story explains to us that everyone is a neighbour without looking at his or her race, religion or sociable background. The claims of the Kingdom of God state that all people must be treated the same and held in the same esteem. Love is the basic attitude, which all Christians should have no matter what.In personal experience, I have felt proud and confident of myself when I am able to help people who have been hurt either emotionally or physically. This parable has also inspired many people including myself to reach out to people in distress, to organisations such as The Samaritan or CAFOD.The Parable of The SowerChristians need to reflect from time on their faith, knowing that it is easy t o be distracted from their calling to be disciples.Nowadays, Television and newspapers are saying that evil is growing stronger than goodness, take for example the war in Iraq, which seems to be doing more harm than good, we may get discouraged, however there are many signs of goodness in the world.The Parable of the Sower explains to Christians today that we should repent for all our sins we have committed and that if we believe in Jesus and his teachings, not only will our faith grow but also our trust and love for one another and the bond between us and God.As an allegory, this parable can make us think of our way to respond to the Word of God.The Lost SonThe teaching of the Lost Son points out the Kingdom as one in which God offers people the chance to return to him. Christians see in the parable of the lost son a picture of Gods forgiveness shown in the father. He does not hold sin against people. They also claim that forgiveness produces reconciliation only when it is proceede d by repentance.Many Christians find it hard to welcome people from different backgrounds and cultures, mainly due to the fact that they believe in different religions, and they find it more difficult to communicate with them.Jesus did teach his followers to be ready to forgive others just as God would forgiven them. The parable of the Lost Son does teach us that God wants the penitent sinner to be welcomed back by the older brother.The Parables are no longer relevant for life today, Remember to consider both sides of the argument.I have a mixed view about this topic, one could argue with the statement saying:A parable is an important factor in society today, it helps us work out the meaning of life and the boundary line between right and wrong. This helps many Christians growing up understand the goodness in life and helps them lead a certain lifestyles.A Parable does catch the attention of the audience and is more interesting than long sermons, which would help the listener unders tand the topic more easily whether they are blind, or they cant read or write.Also parables help many people think and develop their own understanding about the Kingdom of God.Whereas on the other hand:Parables could make it more difficult to understand the meaning behind the stories for many of the children because it talks about seeding and farming, and does not talk about the moral issues of life.If I had to explain to a group of teenagers the story about the Good Samaritan, I would base it in modern day society. For example:One day, there was a man walking from Balham to Clapham south station when he was attacked by a couple of youths who stole his wallet. A Priest walked by and saw him but just crossed the road and carried on walking, then a doctor walked by and saw the man but just carried on walking, but then a refugee from Afghanistan, who was getting pressured and bullied by the council and community, saw the man and took pity on him. He gave the man shelter and warmth and paid the doctors to treat him.In conclusion, despite some problems of interpretation, the main teachings of the parables are relevant for life today, this is because human nature has not really changed.

Alice Paul Quotes

Alice Paul Quotes Alice Paul is credited as one of the leading figures responsible for the passage of the 19th Amendment (woman suffrage) to the U.S. Constitution. In her honor, the Equal Rights Amendment was sometimes called the Alice Paul Amendment. Selected Alice Paul Quotations When you put your hand to the plow, you cant put it down until you get to the end of the row. I never doubted that equal rights was the right direction. Most reforms, most problems are complicated. But to me, there is nothing complicated about ordinary equality. It is better, as far as getting the vote is concerned I believe, to have a small, united group than an immense debating society. I always feel the movement is a sort of mosaic. Each of us puts in one little stone, and then you get a great mosaic at the end. We women of America tell you that America is not a democracy. Twenty million women are denied the right to vote. The Womans Party is made up of women of all races, creeds, and nationalities who are united on the one program of working to raise the status of women. There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it. My first Paul ancestor was imprisoned in England as a Quaker and came to this country for that reason, I mean not to escape prison but because he was such a strong opponent of the government in every possible way. All the girls planned to start in and support themselves- and you know it wasnt so general then for girls to support themselves.  -About her Swarthmore fellow students While I was at the School of Economics, I met one girl especially, her name was Rachel Barrett, I remember, who was a very ardent worker in the Womens SSocial and Political Union, as they called it, of Mrs. Pankhursts. I remember the first thing that I ever really did [for suffrage] while I was still at the School of Economics. This particular person, I think it was this Rachel Barrett, asked me if I would go out and help her in selling their paper,  Votes for Women,  in the street. So I did. I remember how very bold and good she was and how very timid and [laughing] unsuccessful I was, standing beside her trying to ask people to buy  Votes for Women. So contrary to my nature, really. I didnt seem to be very brave by nature. I remember very well doing this day after day after day, going down to the School of Economics, where she was a student and I was a student and other people were students, and we would just stand out in the street wherever we were supposed to stand, on some corner, with these  Votes for Women. It is what they did all over London. A great many of the girls in all parts of London were doing it. -About her first contribution to the woman suffrage movement,  source Crystal Eastman about Alice Paul: History has known dedicated souls from the beginning, men and women whose every waking moment is devoted to an impersonal end, leaders of a cause who are ready at any moment quite simply to die for it. But is it rare to find in one human being this passion for service and sacrifice combined first with the shrewd calculating mind of a born political leader, and second with the ruthless driving force, sure judgment, and phenomenal grasp of detail that characterize a great entrepreneur. Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection of Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. Regretfully, if the original source is not listed with the quote, it was unavailable.

Phases of a trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Phases of a trial - Essay Example Based on the potential jurors’ responses to questioning, the judge can excuse them at this stage. In addition, using challenges ‘for cause’ and ‘peremptory challenges,’ both the prosecution and the defense may leave out some jurors at this stage. A judge can use a peremptory challenge to leave out a juror for any non-discriminatory cause. On the other hand, the judge can use a challenge for cause to leave out a juror who has proved that he/she cannot be truthfully objective in the decision of a case (â€Å"Trial† 1). Menard explains that the questioning process goes on until all parties’ attorneys become satisfied with the jury’s composition or exhausts all challenges that law permits. To make sure that there are enough jurors for deliberation, alternate jurors are essential. The judge decides when to excuse alternate jurors (9). After jury selection, the first dialogue at trial is in the form of two opening statements, one from the defense and the other from the prosecutor on government’s behalf. At this stage, no physical evidence is used and no witnesses testify. The prosecutor gives his/her opening statement first and in most cases, it is more detailed than that of the defense since the government has the ‘burden of proof’ as to the guilt of the defendant. In some cases, prior to making its opening statement, the defense may wait until the main case of the government comes to conclusion. During the opening statements, the prosecutor submits the case’s facts, from the perspective of the government, and takes the judges through the proof that the government will make. Additionally, the defense presents its own interpretation of the facts to the jury, and establishes the basis for the presentation of any legal defenses to the charged crime(s) and the rebuttal of key government evi dence (â€Å"Trial†

Economic assisgnment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic assisgnment - Assignment Example Geometrically, this effect is demonstrated by a shift of demand curve for bananas from Latin American market. Since the supply of agricultural product is inelastic, a gradual increase in the demand of bananas causes excess demand or shortage of bananas. It means that many buyers with will and the purchasing power are chancing few bananas2. The equilibrium price increases but more proportional than the increase in the quantity supplied. Increase in quantity demanded and increased propane users have led to a boost in the demand for propane in the USA market. Since the supply is inelastic, this change in the USA market for propane causes a shift in the demand curve. It led to a shortage in the market, which encourage the supplier to skyrocket the price of propane to take the advantage in the market. Foreign goods become attractive to the US consumers, and they ought to import thereby decreasing the demand for propane in the US market. The equilibrium price decreases and equilibrium price will then decrease. In retrospect, propane and farm crops are complementary goods. When the price of propane increases, the price of farm crops also increases. The price of propane and reduced quantity of propane are among the non-price factors that affect the price of farm crops in the market. It causes a shortage since less will be produced and shift of the supply curve upward. The equilibrium price rises and equilibrium price decreases. According to Arthurs Okun’s theory, a three-percentage increase in economic growth causes a one-percentage decrease in unemployment. Mathematically, the data above is consistent3. On the other hand, Phillips explained that unemployment is inversely related to inflation. The figure above exemplifies this correlation since as the unemployment decreases from 10.0% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2006, inflation increases from 0.8% to 1.4% respectively. To this end, Okun’s theory

Capability Maturity Model Essay Example for Free

Capability Maturity Model Essay This report is split in to two parts, Part A of this report will aim to firstly define the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and secondly critically asses the importance of the model in relation to Software Quality Management. The aim of Part B will be to first assess the benefits of gaining accreditation against the CMM for software companies, secondly explain why the CMM is important for Indian outsourcing organizations and provide examples of companies, and lastly critically evaluate the differences between the CMM and the TickIT scheme by identifying the strength and weakness of both methods. PART A 2. Capability Maturity Model (CMM) The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) was developed at Carnegie Mellon University by the software Engineering Institute (SEI) and it provides a frame work for process improvement. (8) 2. 1 Five levels of (CMM) CMM has five maturity levels that lay successive foundations for continuous process improvement. Looking at figure1 in 2. 2, we can see that each maturity level comprises a set of process goals that when satisfied, stabilize an important component at the software process. (9). The Capability maturity model is organized in to five levels. Below is a description of each one: * Initial (Level 1): At this level the software process is ad hoc and projects succeed through individual heroism. ( 8) * Repeatable (Level 2): At this level basic project management processes are established to track schedule, cost, and functionality. (9) * Defined (Level 3): At this level the software process for both management and engineering activities is documented, standardized and integrated into a standard software process for the organisation. (9) Even though the Organization has a well defined process, it does not necessarily support it with quantitative measurements. (8) * Managed (Level 4): At this level detailed measures of the software process and product quality are collected and both the software process and product are quantitatively controlled and understood. (9) * Optimizing (Level 5): At this last level the organization makes quantitative measurements of its projects and makes use of those measurements to tune the process. (8) 2. 2 Diagram of the five levels Figure 1. CMM model (2) 3. Important of the model in relation to the SQM A lot of attention has been given to improving the process of designing, developing, and delivering software applications. The Software Engineering Institutes CMM Model is designed to help us evaluate the maturity of our Software development processes. The Capability Maturity Model recognizes that there are tools and processes that, while not directly involved in the production of code, aid in the overall Software Quality Management process. (1) The CMM is now popular and has been effective in emphasizing the importance of process improvement. Process improvement is an important Total Quality Management concept and significant research has focused on the design and evolution of the software development processes with the intent to enhance their capability and maturity. The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) has developed specific models to evaluate, diagnose, and evolve the capabilities of the software development process. (4) As mentioned in 2. 1, the SEIs Capability Maturity Model (CMM) defines an evolutionary path from ad hoc, chaotic processes to mature, disciplined processes. Process maturation, as assessed by the predictability of development outcomes in terms of quality, budget, and schedules is enhanced when feedback is meaningfully generated and utilized to recalibrate and fine tune the software process design. (4) Report evidence have suggested that organizations implementing a Capability Maturity Model-based software process improvement have realized gains in development cycle time and programmer productivity. (4) However Reports also suggest that organizations face difficulties in adhering to the sequence, as recommended by CMM, in which changes to the development process needs to be implemented. (4) In conclusion lack of theory informing the conceptualization of the Capability Maturing Model stages raises questions about the rationale for the suggested sequencing to develop process capabilities. Limited attention has been devoted to define process management, identify and define its constitutive dimensions, and develop reliable and valid measurement instruments for each of these dimensions. (4) Process improvement is one aspect of Total Quality Management that needs to be integrated with other core Total Quality Management principles, such as customer focus and viewing the organization with an integrated systems perspective. These essential aspects of Total Quality Management are currently missing in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM). (4) Integrative theory development is required to understand the relationships between process management practices and other elements of the development organization, which enable or constrain effective process management. (4) Generally the Capability Maturity Model recognizes that moving from a craft approach, where performance is largely a function of individual skills, to a factory approach, where the process plays a dominant role, is necessary to improve software development performance). Many Information System developers could perceive process-based approaches such as the CMM as deskilling their job and increasing managerial control over systems development tasks. Such a change is likely to be resisted by IS developers and could be a cause for failure of these approach. (4)

Salem Witch Trials Essay -- essays research papers fc

Many of the American colonists brought with them from Europe a belief in witches and the devil. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for being witches and follower of Satan. Most of these executions were performed in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Mostly all of the accused were women, which makes some modern historians believe that the charges of witchcraft were a way of controlling the women who threatened the power of the men. During the witchcraft trials, hundreds of arrests were made, and some were even put to death on Gallow’s Hill (Karlsen 145). In 1698, the villagers of Salem won the right to establish their own Church. They chose the Reverend Samuel Parris as their minister. Many of the villagers were then sorry that they had done so because of his harsh demands. They then vowed to force him out. There was much pressure surrounding the Parris family. The children of the family would entertain themselves by listening to stories told by Tituba, their slave (National Geographic). January of 1692 is when the mass hysteria of the Salem witch trials first began. The Puritans of this time were very harsh, unyielding, and quick to judge. They condemned innocent women on the basis of intangible evidence, confessions, and such things as "witchmarks" (Hill). As Dorcas Hoar said, "I will speak the truth as long as I live" (Salem Home Page). Nine year old Betty Parris and eleven year old Abigail Williams, the daughter and niece of Reverend Parris, were the first to start to display signs of strange behavior. Some of this behavior included profane screaming, convulsive seizures, trance-like stages, and unexplainable animal-like noises. Shortly after this, other Salem girls began to demonstrate this same behavior. (Salem Home Page). The girls’ torment "could not possibly be Dissembled", stated Cotton Mather (National Geographic). Unable to determine any physical cause for the symptoms and behavior, doctors con cluded that the girls were under the influence of Satan. Prayer Services and community fasting were organized by the Reverend Samuel Parris in hopes of relieving the evil forces that supposedly plagued the community. Efforts to expose the witches were also performed. The first three women to be identified as the source of the problem were Tituba, an Indian slave, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osbor... ...ace. Years went by, and apologies were given and restitution was also given to the families. This incident in American history has left a great impression on present day lives. Bibliography Armstrong, Karen/ Hill, Frances. A Delusion of Satan. The Full Story of the Salem Witch Trials. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishers, 1995. Ashley, Leonard R.N. The Devil’s Disciples. New York: Barricade Books Inc., 1996. Briggs, Robin. Witches & Neighbors. New York: Penguin Books Ltd.,1996. Brown, Richard D. Massachusetts, A History. New York: W.W.Norton and Company, Inc., 1978. Ferres, John H. (Ed.) 20th Century Interpretations of The Crucible.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1972. Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman. New York:Vintage Books, 1987. The Salem Home Page. The Salem Witch Trials 1692. www. salemweb. com/memorial/. September 25, 1998. Famous American Trials. Petitions Relating to the Trials of Rebecca Nurse. www. law. umkc. Edu /faculty /projects /ftrials/ salem/ ASA_ LETT.htm American Fanaticism. Witch Hunts and Special Persecutions. www.rjeib.com/thoughts/puritan.html Salem Witch Hysteria. Salem Witch Trials. Salem@nationalgeo graphic.com

Building construction for fire protection

Statistics indicate that about two hundred individuals die every year as a result of explosions and accidents in the workplace. Additionally, these same accidents injure about five thousand workers in the workplace. Businesses can spend as much as five billion dollars on fire related accidents. This shocking statistics is actually an indication of what all business in the US spent on rectifying these accidents in the year 1999. The means of egress standards are a code of practice that are designed to ensure maximum [protection in case of fire emergencies in buildings.The standards were based on the National Fire Protection Authority (NFPA 101). The means of egress can be found in the NFPA 101 in the subsection E part. 3 parts of the means of egress The means of the egress are a pathway from a building to a public area. This pathway must be continuous in nature. In encompasses three main sections that include; †¢ The route of exit access †¢ The exit itself †¢ A way of e xit discharge It should be noted that all structures and buildings designed to host human beings must have a means of egress.The main purpose and principle behind these rules is to ensure that there are fewer instances of danger to the worker or the occupant in the case of a fire. The means of egress also protect occupants from the resulting fumes or smoke that emanate from the fire and they also ensure safety as result of panic from the occurrence of the fire. It should be noted that three means of egress only apply to protection and has nothing to do with property protection. There are a total of seven requirements that buildings must conform to in relation to the latter 3 sections.First of all, buildings should be positioned such that all the exits facilitate free movement. Additionally, the means of egress must not obstructed by any materials, persons and activities for that matter. The egress must be a key component in all parts of the building and must allow occupation at all times. The second aspect about these three main components of egress is insurance of visibility. Buildings should be arranged in such a way that the routes to all exits are conspicuously located. The third aspect refers to the lighting aspect. Buildings should be such that they provide adequate illumination at all the exit areas.The fourth requirement is about fire alarms. The means of egress standards require that fire alarms be put in place in order to warn their occupants of the fire. This ought to occur in the event that the fire in itself does not provide adequate warning to the residents of the facility. The fifth requirement is in regard to how the exit routes are arranged. In the event that one means of egress is blocked by the resulting smoke or fire, then buildings ought to have two means of egress. These means of egress should not be adjacent to one another as these will beat the whole purpose of the contingency plan.The two means of egress should be located as a far way from each other or as far as the building design can allow. Additionally, constructions ought to be done in such a way that one means of egress does not block the other. This means that when fire blocks one route, then the other should be easily accessible to the building’s occupants. The sixth egress requirement refers to means of safety during building construction. Employees ought to be protected during the construction process by denying them access into the building until all the aggress means have been installed into the building and they can be utilized.In the event that a building has to be modified or reconstructed, then all the exit routes must be usable and available in case of a fire emergency. If this is not possible, then the constructors must provide resident occupants with an alternative route. The sixth requirement also protects constructors themselves; it requires that there should be no flammable substances or explosive substances introduced into the buildi ng when there are some occupants within. There should be fire permits, hot zones and fire watch precautions whenever a construction is ongoing.The last egress requirement is in relation to the maintenance practices of the occupants. Buildings should always have continuous and unobstructed egress. Structures should always have the following facilities in place in order to maintain safety. These facilities must be working well at all times and occupants should avoid giving themselves a false sense of security; †¢ Fire equipment †¢ Fire doors †¢ Exit lighting †¢ Alarm systems †¢ Fire detectors †¢ Automatic sprinklers Egress designThere are a number of unique egress components that building designs should adhere to. In this case, egress routes should be constructed using materials that are fire rated. Additionally, the egress building materials should be protected from all other parts of the building. In case a building has a one to three stories, then its egress must be made up of one hour fire resistant material. In case a building will be made up of four stories or more, then it must have two-hour-rated egress material. Additionally, the fire doors making up the egress must be self-closingAfter conforming to the material specifications, egress designs should fall within the following dimensions; the width of the egress is largely determined by the angle of inclination of the egress itself. All egress routes must have a minimum of thirty degrees elevation. This angle applies to all the sections that make up the egress system. During construction, the egress’ width should not be limited by any nearby doors. Additionally, exit doors should open in the direction of the exit direction.The means of egress should also be designed in such a way that it can accommodate occupant load where the latter term refers to the sum of persons in a particular building at any given time. Means of egress should also incorporate the Floor area to occupant load factor (OLF) ratio. For instance, if the occupant load factor within a building is ten square feet per person and if the floor area is four hundred and fifty square feet, then the occupant load is forty-five people. Means of egress should be designed such that there are two means of exist at each location.Additionally, they should be placed far away from one another. Building designs should be made in such a way that the storage rooms, lockable rooms and bathrooms are nowhere near the means of egress. The means of egress should also not be placed in an area that requires passage near a hazardous area. Exits must be made as accessible as possible this means that there should be a good arrangement on where the exit is. Additionally, there must be no mirrors or hanging drapes at the exit routes. The exterior section of the egress must be arranged in such a manner that there is a roof if it is likely to snow or rain in that area.Also, there should be no obstructions at the exterior egress. They should be made up of solid floors which are smooth in nature. The exterior egress should also have some guards on its sides; these sides should be left undisclosed. The exit discharge itself should be constructed in such a way that it gives access to a safe public area. These may include a court, yard or the street. The discharge are must be constructed in such a way that its width is adequate enough to accommodate occupants. Additionally, if there are any stairs there, they must give a direction to the streets very clearly.The egress headroom should have a minimum projection of six feet nine inches and a minimum height of seven feet six inches. A ramp or a staircase should negotiate any changes to the egress elevation. The egress must be maintained constantly through adequate checks. In this regard, the doors ramps, stairs passages must be reliable. There should be no gaps in the stairs and care must be taken to ensure that the concrete does not crumble. Occu pants should avoid placing decorations near the egress. Additionally, there should be no furniture or explosive material in the egress.Additionally, occupants must endeavor to conduct frequent inspections and tests of the sprinkler systems in the egress. All exits must be marked using colors, sizes and designs that can be easily read by observers. The ones indicating exist must contrast with existing backgrounds or interior finishes. Care must be taken to ensure that the signs have not been covered in any way or that they are no other signs near the exit sign itself. Illumination should be reliable enough in that the total level should not be less than the amount of light emanated by five candles.It is better to use internally illuminated exit signs. Exit signs must have the word ‘exit’ indicated. They must be six inches long (or more). They must not be less three quarters of an inch. Evolution of fire code history and current functions related to this In the past means of egress have been designed depending on just a few requirements. Most of the time, they used to relate to the nature of occupancy within the building. However, with time the means of egress began incorporating other aspects such as the number of persons exposed to the fire, the nature of fire protection preparations.Additionally, its design also incorporates other issues such as the nature of the building construction and how tall the specific building is. Elements of code administration, inspection practices and appeals process in code enforcement The means of egress provisions are found either in the International Building Code or the Uniform Building Code. The latter two codes are somewhat similar in nature and they provide the ways of administering these means of egress. In the Uniform Building Code the exit discharge consists of the balconies and exit staircase.However, the International Building Codes considers the exterior balconies as the exit access. On the other hand, t his code defines the exterior stairways as part of the exit. It should also be noted that both of these codes describe the means of egress in a similar format. However, the major difference comes about in the manner of arrangement. The International Building Code has more sections than the Uniform Building Code. Additionally, three is a provision for guards in the IBC. However, the same cannot be said of the UBC. ConclusionA means of egress is a pathway that facilities the safe exit of occupants from a building and does not encompass property safety. The Code gives specifications on the most appropriate material for an agrees, its dimensions and the other features that must be incorporated to make it safe and usable. Some of these features include the sign and the exit discharge. The Code also gives direction about maintenance practices of the egress. In this case, the egress must be well illuminated at all times, it must not be obstructed and fire response facilities such as alarms must be working in proper order.This goes along way in eliminating a false sense of security within the premises. References City of Seattle (2008): Means of Egress, retrieved from http://www. seattle. gov/dpd/static/1egress_LatestReleased_DPD_001932. pdf accessed on 12th July 2008 U. S. Department of Labor (2008): Occupational Safety & Health Administration, retrieved from http://www. osha. gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp. show_document? p_table=FEDERAL_REGISTER&p_id=13576 accessed on 12th July 2008 McMahon, D. (2008a): Means of Egress and Emergency Plans, retrieved from, http://www.ihs. gov/NonMedicalPrograms/IEH/documents/presentations/egress. ppt. accessed on 12th July 2008 OSHA (2007a): Means of Egress and Fire Protection, http://www. rrcc. edu/rmec/OSHAoutreach/10hr_gi/lessonplans/egressfireprotection. pdf. accessed on 12th July 2008 OSHA (2007b): How to Prepare for Workplace Emergencies, retrieved from http://www. osha-slc. gov/OshDoc/Additional. html accessed on 12th July 2008 OSHA (2008b)Fire Safety Advisor, retrieved from http://www. osha-slc. gov/dts/osta/oshasoft/softfirex. html accessed on 12th July 2008

Introduction to Marketing

PrimaryQuestionnaires: Questionnaires consist of a list of questions that can be used to obtain feedback such as a spoc which is used at colleges to find out information such as if a student is enjoying their course etc. The Oldham College recently gave all of the students a spoc which was to get their feedback about the college for e.g. if they feel safe and satisfied by their course. By doing a spoc the college is able to find out how many students are satisfied with their course, tutors and so on; this helps the college as they can use their research to see who’s happy and who isn’t, thereon they are able to make changes if necessary for their market plan.Suggestion box: A suggestion box is a box that is used for people to put suggestions inside, this is a good way for a college to get and consider suggestions as people may want to make their suggestions anonymously. The Oldham College students are able to make suggestions to the college through their suggestion box; if the majority of the students make the same suggestion then the college could consider making changes in their marketing plan.Student reps: The students union of The Oldham College are able to talk with each other and hear out the students suggestions, ideas and any complaints there may be; therefore they are there to put forth suggestions or complaints on behalf of the students, if the college feels that the suggestions made are necessary or that it may be of benefit they could consider making changes to their marketing plan to satisfy their students.SecondaryGov stats: Government statistics are official data collected from colleges, schools etc. which is released to the public; a person can then see which college has better success rates and how many people join them and so on. When government statistics are released showing the achievements and how  many students are joining the different colleges such as their competitor’s, this helps The Oldham College to evaluate t heir different aspects; this allows them to take good measures.Newspapers: Newspapers are a good way of collecting data, such as how colleges advertise their courses to the public; when competitors advertise courses in the newspapers and/or magazines The Oldham College is able to see what kind of courses they advertise and how; for e.g. if it’s plain text or images and so on. This gives them an idea of what courses are mainly being advertised and will help their marketing plan as they can do the same or do it and improve their advertising compared to their competitors.Competitor’s website: A competitors website can be looked at by its rival such as The Oldham College as they can see their competitor’s website to gather data from them such as what courses they offer and how they advertise their courses through their website; this helps The Oldham College’s marketing plan as they are able to see if there is any way they can improve their way of advertising and even their website with the aim of attracting new students to the college, this would be done through making changes to their existing marketing plan. Introduction to Marketing What is marketing? Marketing is the function that connects businesses to their target audiences’ needs. It is how a business presents and distributes their product to their audience. For example, a business can market their product by advertising it to the public. This can be seen in many forms of media; such as: on television, via web, posters or on billboards.Marketing is the management procedure in which the product or service is moves from concept to the customer. It includes the co-ordination of the 4 P’s of marketing: product, price, placement and promotion. [tutor2u.net]The concepts of marketing Production The production concept is when businesses are more focused on making profit from their sales; the quality isn’t necessarily important as the company’s main concern is making sales. For instance, supermarkets such as Sainsbury’s and Tesco distribute their own products to the public. The production of products is also kept at a low cost.Produ ct The product concept is when businesses focuses more on the quality of the product rather than how many of them are being sold. The business is more concerned with the high standards of the product set by customers and is prioritised. For example, smartphones have become more popular within society because of their many features.Selling The selling concept is when businesses are concerned with promoting a product even further to increase sales. For example, Coca-Cola advertises the same products over and over again; they introduced names to target people with that certain name.Marketing The marketing concept is when a business allows their customers to decide on the features of their product or service, before it is created. A business would use market research and use research & development to discover the customers’ needs and wants for a product/service.Aims and objectives of two contrasting businesses Private sector business: Apple Inc. Apple’s objectives are to c ontinuously sell the same products that are of high standards and quality.Market leadership in Apple Market leadership is when a business has the most customers/users due to their sales or service. Steve Jobs suggested these techniques to assist in becoming a market leader Be in possession of and have control over the relevant technology Take in and implement better technologies immediately as soon as they have availability, regardless of whether or not there are organisations using them beforehand Create new technologies/products before anyone else and make it an industry standardBrand awareness in Apple Apple raises brand awareness by creating adverts and allowing their stocks to be released online. This can be effective because potential customers will know whether not to purchase a product based on the stocks.Perceptions of customers in Apple Customers of Apple are aware of the product by seeing advertisement and by live streaming press conferences that are held by Apple. The ef fectiveness of live press conferences is that the potential customers will know what features the product has.Public sector business: National Health Service (NHS) Their aims are to aid people who are applicable to use their service. They are non-profit and are Governmental, which means that the Government funds the NHS by using a portion tax-payers’ money.Market leadership in the NHS The National Health Service is the only health service that is free in the country. This makes it the market leader.Awareness in the NHS One way in which the NHS raises awareness is by endorsements from the news or magazines. This can be effective because the news is something the majority of the public intakes.Perceptions of users in the NHS Users of the NHS become aware of this industry via real-life happenings. Some of these perceptions can be negative; as recently, a celebrity received a free surgery which wasn’t life threatening in any way. It wasted tax-payers’ money and the majority of the nation was unimpressed by this.

Writing Dialogue for Scripts

Writing Dialogue for Scripts In order to write effective dialogue for scripts one needs to break away from writing in a storytelling fashion. Script writing is much more basic. In writing dialogue for scripts one needs to understand how people truly speak to one another. Much of what we see and hear is actually unspoken. It’s in the body language; the way people react to situations and in their emotions. A good scriptwriter will listen to the words that are actually spoken and use those only so that the director and actors can fill in the rest with their actions and movements. Some writers want to inject keys into the dialogue to show the actors how it should be said. Common examples of this would be telling the actor that this line is said in an angry manner or another is spoken while crying. This can get offensive to the actors for you are implying that they cannot do their job without being told of every detail. If you include strong, precise words and phrases when writing dialogue for scripts the emotion will come out and the actor will know exactly what needs to be done. A common mistake writers make, especially those who are used to writing novels, is that they want to explain every little detail while writing dialogue for scripts. They forget that they are writing dialogue to be used in a movie and all the little nuances will be shown to the viewers. Anything more than that will come off as forced and unnatural. Scriptwriters also needs to remember that they’re sharing their creative ideas along with other people. Directors as well as actors need to be able to inject their vision into the making of the movie also. Just make sure that when writing dialogue for scripts you make your vision clear and precise so that the essence of your story comes through. Writing dialogue for scripts requires the writer to know and understand how people speak. Know the characters that you are writing about and have them speak appropriately. You cannot give the same words to someone that is portrayed as being from the streets as another who is a college graduate. They both speak differently and as a good scriptwriter, you’ll know that difference. Having everyone speak in the same way makes for a very boring and uninteresting story. Give your characters distinctive speech patterns and words, you’ll make them much more believable. In doing this, you’ll give the movie director and actors a good feel for the character you are writing about and they’ll naturally follow much more closely to your original idea for the script without you having to point out all the little details. Be visual when writing dialogue for scripts. Always tell the story from a visual point of view. As you are writing this dialogue try to run the movie in your head at the same time. A good exercise would be to watch a movie or a television show and write the dialogue from the show. Then turn off the TV and read the dialogue alone. Does it evoke images that you just saw on the show? If so, ask yourself how the writer was able to get his emotion out in just that way. It’s in the words, study them and learn how the writer was able to get the strong points in the story. Spend time around people, just observing and learning how they interact with one another. Watch more movies, television shows and plays, and see how the professionals go about writing dialogue for scripts. The more time you spend doing this, the better you will get at writing dialogue for scripts.